Over its 200-year history, the federal False Claims Act (“FCA”) has saved the federal government billions of dollars in false claims for payment. But one type of false claim remains off limits in federal courts. A provision of the federal FCA known as the “tax bar” prohibits suits based on failure to pay federal taxes. See 31 U.S.C. § 3729(d). Whistleblowers who uncover federal tax fraud are limited to the Internal Revenue Service’s whistleblower program.
On June 17, 2020, Governor Cuomo signed into law an amendment to the New York healthcare whistleblower law to create a new protected category, “improper quality of workplace safety,” and to expand protected channels to include news and social media outlets for reporting violations of improper quality of patient care or workplace safety. Under the new amendment, healthcare employers cannot take retaliatory action because an employee complains to the press or on social media about workplace conditions that significantly threaten employee health.
When the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES) was adopted on March 27, 2020, businesses welcomed the prospect of receiving COVID-19 financial relief through the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). The PPP was layered atop the SBA’s existing Section 7(a) loan program, through which the federal government guarantees loans issued by qualified lenders to eligible business borrowers. The PPP program temporarily relaxed several criteria for obtaining an SBA loan, greatly expanding the availability of the lending program to a wider range of businesses. While clearly broader, the criteria for eligibility and the implications of the “necessity” certification weren’t quite so clearly defined, and left open many unanswered questions. But the prospect of “free money” by way of loan “forgiveness” induced countless businesses to submit loan applications at the earliest opportunity, beginning in early April 2020, despite the uncertainties.
On February 7, 2020, the Tenth Circuit affirmed a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment in favor of the defendant hospital. See United States ex rel Janssen v. Lawrence Memorial Hospital, __ F.3d __ (10th Cir. 2020). In doing so, the Tenth Circuit reinforced the rigorous materiality standard set forth in the Supreme Court’s 2016 Escobar decision.
Fiscal Year 2019 was another banner year for False Claims Act recoveries, with the DOJ obtaining more than $3 billion in settlements and judgments under the Act. Of that amount, $2.6 billion came from the health care industry, and this is the 10th consecutive year that health care fraud settlements and judgments have exceeded $2 billion.
Large frauds can generate hundreds of thousands of false claims for payment. The whistleblowers who uncover such frauds rarely have proof of every single false claim. Instead, they will usually have evidence of the overarching scheme—from emails, company memos, or conversations with insiders—along with some examples of the false claims that the scheme has generated. Now more than ever, that could be enough to win, as long as the whistleblower and their lawyers know how to use inferential statistics to their advantage.
Over the years, the Department of Justice has vigorously pursued off-label sales of pharmaceuticals by some of the largest pharma companies in the world. By statute, pharma companies cannot market a product “off-label,” while a physician may prescribe off-label, if he or she believes a particular medicine is effective. This rule created a tension between pharma and physicians.
The Supreme Court, in a unanimous decision, ruled in State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. United States ex rel. Rigsby et al., 580 U.S. ___ (2016) that a seal violation does not mandate dismissal of a relator’s complaint.
The United States Supreme Court may be poised to hear another case involving the False Claims Act.
Chicago lawyer Stephen Diamond has made quite a name for himself in recent years for his perceived abuse of the Illinois False Claims Act (“FCA”). Many believe Diamond is misusing the FCA or is using it for self-serving reasons not consistent with the FCA’s intent.